The bottled water industry and its effects Essay

The bottled water industry and its effects - Essay Example Another is by strengthening the practices of water conservation. By the year 2012, consumption of bottled water in the United States had risen to almost ten billion gallons representing 5.3% per capita consumption. It was estimated that every individual drank about thirty gallons yearly. Packaged water saw an upsurge in real volume more than any other category of beverage in the country. Sales had increased by 6.7 per cent totaling about eleven billion dollars (Eshleman, 7). The reasons provided for the monumental consumption of this water are that most consumers pay close attention to healthy choices for themselves as well as their families and are assured that a refreshing, safe and convenient bottle of water contains no calories, making it the most suitable choice on the menu. Many also appreciate the reliability and consistency of its quality. Both federal and state governments comprehensively regulate bottled water. The FDA (Food & Drug Administration) regulates it in the food product category, with guidelines that govern its quality as well as its safety, which are as rigorous as those of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) of tap water (Andrews et al., 174). In spite of this, the bottled water industry has been facing a few challenges with regard to the field of sustainability. In the recent past, colossal opposition against bottled water has developed among an eclectic assortment of such advocates as restaurateurs, activists and even religious leaders. The propositions of the sector’s operations have evoked vocal protestation from local communities. Their rationale is that the production of bottled water requires a lot of energy and generates large amounts of waste that could have long-term environmental effects. Various cities like Chicago have begun taking up action in this respect by taxing bottled water. Others, such as San Francisco have completely banned bottled water from official functions. Toronto has not only banned the

Can the physical attractiveness of a defendant lead to differing sentences

Can the physical attractiveness of a defendant lead to differing sentences Abstract The purpose of the investigation was to see if the physical attractiveness of a defendant has an influence of the severity of prison sentences given for a crime of fraud. An opportunity sample consisting of 10 males and 10 females taken from sixth form students at school aged 16-18 was used. A crime vignette was given to participants with a photo of the physically attractive defendant or physically un attractive defendant attached. Participants had to state whether they thought the defendant was guilty or not guilty. Participants were then told that the defendants were found guilty and were asked to assign a prison term that they felt the defendant deserved. The Chi-Square and T-Test were used to analyse the results. Observed Value of T= 30.88: Critical value at p Project Brief PB1: The aim is to see if Sigall Ostroves (1975) findings that the physical attractiveness of a defendant and the nature of the crime can lead to differing sentences are applicable to this current time period. Alternative hypothesis: The more attractive defendant will receive a lower sentence for burglary than the less attractive defendant. Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in length of sentences given to the attractive defendant and the non attractive defendant. PB2: A directional hypothesis is being used as past research by Sigall Ostroves (1975) has shown that physical attractiveness does have an effect on the length of a sentence giving to the defendant. PB3: The chosen research method will be experimental using an independent measures design. So each group will be tested in a different condition one group will be shown a picture with a physically attractive defendant and the other group will see a picture with a non attractive defendant. PB4: Advantages Confounding variables minimised Study is in a controlled environment so the variables can be manipulated Disadvantages No control of participant variables as due to individuals differences the participants may not find the pictures attractive. There maybe a social desirability bias as participants may put what they think is the norm or socially desirable rather than what they actually think. There maybe investigator and participant effects. PB5: Demand Characteristics Participants may respond in accordance to experimenters desired response i.e. the experimenter may influence the participant in the way in which he states the scenario of the crime or by subconscious gestures. Age Group Bias All participants are between the age of 16-18 so results may not be external valid as other age groups may have different results and respond differently. Participant Bias Participants may give into social norms and may no give there true opinion when rating. They may rate pictures higher or lower than they really feel. PB6: Single Blind The participants and the experimenter will be told that the study is on studying something other than what there doing so the participants and the experimenter wont be able to guess the aim of the study. Standardise Instructions All conditions of the study are given the same standardised instructions so investigator bias is eliminated. Social Desirability Bias The results will be anonymous and confidential, giving the chance for the participants a option to withdraw at any time so the participants may not feel the need to put what the experimenter may see as the norm. PB7: 5% level of significance PB8: Deception Not telling the participants the true nature of the study by using a single blind technique. This will be overcome by debriefing the participants at the end of the study to ensure that the participants are happy. Privacy The pictures will be taking from websites which are on public domains so anyone can access them. Informed Consent Participants will be asked if they want to participate and told the basic procedures as well i.e. giving the right to withdraw etc. Withdrawal Participants will be able to withdraw at any time during the study and will be told this throughout the study. Debrief The participants will be fully debriefed as to the true aims of the study has been completed after the study. Observation The participants will not be observed. Confidentially None of the participants names will be taken and they will not be observed during the study so the results will remain anonymous. Introduction The Halo effect (Dion Walster, 1972) is the tendency of a characteristic such as physical attractiveness to influence an individuals perception of persons qualities such as intelligence, social status and personal traits. Research has found that attractive people are attributed with more positive characteristics due to the Halo Effect. Dion Walster (1972) conducted an experiment called What is Beautiful is Good and found that individuals who are seen as physically attractive are assumed by particpants to have more socially desirable personalities than those who are less attractive, and it is also assumed that attractive individuals lives will be more successful and enjoyable than individuals who are less attractive. So attractive individuals are assumed to be more sociably desired. Dion et als (1972) findings indicate that stereotyping due to individuals physical attractiveness does occur as physical attractive individuals were regarded to have more socially desired qualities and p ersonalities, and were expected to have greater personal success in there life. These results have also been supported by Griddin Langlois (2006) and Feingold (1992) who found that unattractive people are perceived to hold more negative attributes. The Halo effect has been applied in research into other areas of society. For example in school or workplaces. As a study on attractiveness in school found by Clifford Walster (1973) and Landy Sigall (1974) found that two essays which had exactly the same content were marked differently. This was belived to be due to them having pictures of the students on the essays and the more attractive person received a higher grade even though the essays were the same. This shows that physical attractiveness does affect peoples way of thinking in real life settings. Another study has shown that the halo effect has an effect in job interviews as it has been found by Dipboye, Arvey, Terpstra, (1977) and Landy Sigall, (1974) that the more attractive individuals where more likely to get the jobs offered than the unattractive individuals even though they did the same on the tasks to get the interviews. Baron and Byrne (1997) found that attractive defendants are more likely to receive lighter sentences and gain the sympathy of the jurors rather than unattractive individuals. This is believed to be due to the Halo Effect What is beautiful is good. Sigall Ostrove (1975) also found that participants who were shown an attractive photo of a defendant charged with burglary recommend almost half the average sentence of those show no photo or an unattractive photo. Stewart (1980) also found that attractive defendants tended to receive lighter sentences and were less likely to receive prison sentences than unattractive individuals. These results were further supported by Efrans (1974) study as Efran (1974) found that juries were not as certain about the guilt of attractive defendants, and therefore gave them lighter sentences/ punishments. However it has been found that there were different factors which influence the sentence giving to an attractive individual. For example the attractivene ss of an individual didnt have much of an effect on sentences when the crime was seen as very serious. Sigall Ostrove (1975) also found that attractive defendants were charged with a higher average sentences when fraud was the crime rather than the unattractive individuals or defendant with no photo. Their results showed that when the crime committed wasnt related to physical attractiveness (e.g. burglary) the participants would give lighter sentences to the attractive defendant rather than to the unattractive defendant. In contrast when the crime was related to attractiveness (e.g. swindle), the physically attractive defendant would receive a worse sentence. The Halo Effect explains these findings in that when crimes are not related to attractiveness, the attractive participants may be seen as good due to the Halo Effect and positive stereotyping. For the physically attractive crimes the juror may feel that the attractive individuals used there attractiveness as a natural advantag e to further promote themselves in society. Fraud is regarded as deceitful and is related to attractiveness thus more attractive defendants would be punished more severely. Aim: This study will replicate Sigall Ostroves (1975) study to provide further support for previous findings see if the physical attractiveness of a defendant and the nature of the crime can lead to differing sentences in this current time period. Alternative hypothesis: The more attractive defendant will receive a lower sentence for burglary than the less attractive defendant. Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in length of sentences given to the attractive defendant and the non attractive defendant. Method: Method and design In the experiment the IV is the physical attractiveness of the defendants and the DV was the judgement that the participants gave the photos of the physically attractive defendant and unattractive defendant i.e. guilty or not guilty. An independent group design is being used so one group of participants will be tested with the physically attractive photo of the defendant and the other group will be tested with the unattractive photo of the defendant. A questionnaire was given to the male participants so ratings of the photographs of the females could be collected and so the best voted picture would be used as the physically attractive defendant and the worse would be used for the unattractive defendant. Researchers One A level student collected data. Target population and sample An opportunity sample consisting of 10 males and 10 females taken from sixth form students at school. The students who were available at the time were asked to participate in the study. All participants took part in the study and none of them declined. Apparatus/materials Pilot Study Ten photographs were selected from the websites Hot or Not and RatePeople.com labelling them 1 10. All photographs were put on to A4 pieces of paper (one per page of paper). All photos were of passport shots so the defendants were looking straight at the camera and the defendants were between the ages of 20-40. This was controlled so the participants view of the defendants didnt change due to the pose the defendant was doing or because they thought the defendant was to old and frail to go to jail or to young etc. There was as little jewellery or clothing in the pictures as possible so it wouldnt distort the participants view on the pictures as it may make the participant think the defendants were more or less attractive in the photos creating extraneous variable so this was done so it was only the defendants attractiveness being taken into account. Main Study In the main study a scenario was given to participants (see Appendix 1) and the participants had to state whether they thought the defendant was guilty or not on the participant response sheet (see Appendix 2). Two photos were used in the main study from the pilot study (the best rated photo and the worst rated photo) which were used as defendants. The best voted picture was used as the physically attractive defendant and the worse was used for the unattractive defendant. An example of one of the photographs use is shown in Appendix 3. Standardised procedures Pilot Study The participants were taken into different rooms when completing the task so they werent distracted from other students. The standardised instructions (see Appendix 4) were read to participants and consent was given. Male participants were shown the photographs of the females, and the females were shown the photographs of the men. The participants were asked to rate each of the photographs on a scale of 1 10, with 10 being most attractive and 1 being not very attractive. The participants wrote their ratings on some paper with spaces for the ratings for the 10 photographs No names were asked for. An example of a participant response is shown in Appendix 5. Main Study The best rated photo and the worst rated photo were than used as defendants. The best voted picture was used as the physically attractive defendant and the worse was used for the unattractive defendant. A different set of participants where given scenarios and asked if they would give a sentence to the defendant given to them and told to right down there answer on the participant response sheet. One group was given the physically attractive photo whereas the other group was given the unattractive photo. Participants after the task were thanked and debriefed (see Appendix 6). Controls Investigator bias was minimised by using standardised instructions. The Single blind technique was used so researcher bias, participant bias and demand characteristic were avoided by asking someone else to observe the participants during the task and telling the observer not to look at the participants while theyre doing the task to avoid participant reactivity. Participant bias was avoided by telling the participants to rate members of a opposite sex because the males may find it more difficult men in terms of physical attractiveness. Ethics Informed consent was gained as participants were given standardised instructions and told that they had the right to withdraw at any time and that their answers would remain anonymous. There was minor deception as the participants werent told the aim of the study but this was dealt with as the participants were debriefed at the end of the study. The ethical issue of using photos of people without there consent was dealt with as the photos used were put on websites where the people want there photos to be rated thus are available to the public. Results: Descriptive Statistics Summary table of the data to show the total number of guilty verdicts given to physically attractive and physically non-attractive defendants. Participants had to state whether they found the defendant given to them guilty or not guilty. A bar chart was drawn to display the results visually. The raw data given is in Appendix 7. The Sentences Given To The Defendants Physically Attractive Physically Non-Attractive Guilty 7 8 Not Guilty 3 2 Bar chart to show the difference between the number of guilty verdicts given to attractive and non-attractive defendants in getting sentences or not. Summary table of the data to show mean prison sentences in months awarded to the attractive and non-attractive defendants by the participants. A bar chart was drawn to display the results visually. The raw data given is in Appendix 7. The Mean Length Of The Sentences Given To The Defendants Physically Attractive Physically Non-Attractive Average 21.9 Months = 1.8 Years 63.6 Months = 5.3 Years Bar chart to show the difference in the length of sentences given to the attractive and physically non-attractive defendants. Results: Inferential Statistics The Chi-Square Test and T-Test were used to analyse the results. The Chi-Square Test was appropriate for the data at a nominal level of measurement in a from of categories and the data collected from independent measures. Chi Square = 0.26 Degrees of freedom = 1 Critical value at p As the observed value of chi-square was smaller than the critical value at a 5% level of significance, we cannot reject the null hypothesis and so it must be retained. The T-Test was appropriate for the data that was at a interval level of measurement in the form of numerical data as the data collected was from independent measures. Observed value of T = 30.88 Degrees of freedom = 1 Critical value at p As the observed value of T is higher than the critical value of T at a 5% level of significance the null hypothesis can be rejected. Discussion Explanation of findings The findings of this investigation found that the physical attractiveness of a defendant can lead to differing sentences. Overall the physically attractive defendant received a lighter sentence than the physically unattractive defendant. The T-Test was significant at the 0.05 level of significance supporting the assumption that the Halo effect will effect peoples views on whether a defendant is guilty or innocent. Relationship to background research There has been lots of research into whether the physical attractiveness can influence an individuals perception of persons qualities. Early research such as Stewart (1980) found that attractive defendants tended to receive lighter sentences and were less likely to receive prison sentences than unattractive individuals. Baron and Byrne (1997) also found that attractive defendants are more likely to receive lighter sentences and gain the sympathy of the jurors rather than unattractive individuals. This study supports these earlier findings and in addition shows that this bias can lead to differing prison sentences being awarded to defendants even when the crime committed is the same. This could be due to the halo effect which gives the tendency of a characteristic such as physical attractiveness to influence an individuals perception of persons qualities such as intelligence, social status and personal traits. This creates beautiful stereotypes which doesnt fit with the criminal stereotype such as scars, looking dirty etc. Although the results could be because the participants generally believed that the physically attractive defendant was guilty and the physically unattractive defendant wasnt. Limitations and modifications The study lacks ecological validity as in real life the participants would be in a jury and so there would be a discussion between 12 people of varying ages on what the punishment the defendant should receive. In this experiment 6th form students were used aged between 16-18 and they made the decisions on there own rather than discussing the defendants punishment. To improve this a simulated jury could be used where the experimenter asks 12 participants to act as a jury and discuss the sentence. Due to the participant sample used there was an sample bias as the study was on an opportunity sample of 6th form students. So the results can not be generalised to the whole population. There may have also been a problem due to demand characteristics as participants may have guessed the aims of the study and may have known what results were expected and answered accordingly. Another limitation of the study was that the experimenter knew the participants, so this may have lead the participants to write down what they thought the normal answer would be and not what they actually thought. So there may have been an social desirability bias. This could be dealt with by using a different target population and sample. Another limitation of this study is that some participants didnt find the unattractive defendant guilty as they didnt believe that she would be able to get people into bed and so voted her not guilty. Some participants also stated that they didnt believe that there as enough evidence to charge the defendants. Another limitation of the study was individual differences as the study used independent measure design and some participants said they found the unattractive defendant guilty as they didnt like her whereas some participants said they found the attractive defendant guilty as she was attractive whereas some said it was because she looked more promiscuous. Another way to make future results more reliable is to do the study again but make the participants be in groups of 12 like a real jury and see if the same results are found. This will be more reliable as in a real life juries would discuss the punishment before given defendants sentences. Implications and ideas for future research To make the results more reliable a larger sample size could be used as this would mean that more data could be analysed and this may leads to different results. Also a different age range may also lead to different results as the older people may take it more seriously. The important implications of this research shows that there is a bias in sentences given to defendants and to get rid of this bias juries may have to make there decisions by just looking at the research and maybe not be able to see the defendant in court as theres a screen in front of them and there voice is changed.

Go Ask Alice Essay -- essays research papers

Go Ask Alice! Alice is fifteen, white, middle, class. She diets, she dates. She loves Roger but the most time he doesn’t notice her. If she would ever sleep with a boy she would sleep with him. Alice hates her look. She wants to be pretty and slim. Lately she loses fascination about all things. School is boring and she doesn’t even go to parties. Her parents want to move. Her Dad is invited to become the Dean of the Political Science at - . Alice is happy and is not hard for her to leave the old school. But she misses her old house and her grandparents who she calls gramp and gran. Alice has a brother called Tim and a sister Alexandria. The two are younger than Alice. At her new school it is horrible for her. Nobody speaks to her the first days. but her brother and sister like the new school. Finally she finds a friend at school. Her name is Gerda, but Alice’s mother and father don’t like her. Alice doesn’t feel happy in her family. She hates his sister and her brother more than she loves them. Tim is intolerable and her mother is constantly Peking at her. Alice gets to know Beth Baum. Beth is Jewish and her father is a doctor. Her mother nags a lot. Alice’s parents like Beth, because she is pretty nice. In the holidays Beth goes on a summer camp for six weeks and Alice stays at her grans. One day she meets Jill Peters and she invites her for a party. Alice doesn’t like taking drugs. She wants to stop it...

Cultural Similarities and Differences Essay

Mexico and Puerto Rico are two popular countries of South America. They share the passionate language of Spanish, though there are some differences in their dialects. There are similarities and differences between the two countries, such as expectations of family members and structuring, in addition to religious practices, traditions, and art. Both countries possess many unique traits and customs. Mexican and Puerto Rican societies have very similar familial structures. Both countries consider family the foundation of their social structure. They have close family connections and emphasize the concerns for the well-being of the family. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans also have many relatives, which may include a couple of generations on both the father and mother’s sides. In both countries there is a strong bond among the family members. Family members expect support from each other, such as physical, financial, and spiritual. Religion plays a significant role in the Mexican and Puerto Rican cultures. Both Mexico and Puerto Rico contain similar religious beliefs and practices with Roman Catholics. The Mexican characteristics are more rigid and the Roman Catholic Church has an influence on the rigidity of the country. Puerto Rico leans more toward a colorful and liberal religious practice. The most popular of arts and crafts in Puerto Rico are the caretas-papier-mache masks – – masks many wear during island carnivals (Arts & Crafts, 2012). The masks are terrifying, depicting half-animal, and half-demon traits that represent evil. Mexico makes papier-mache masks (papel pegado) but they consist of large heads with friendly faces. Although Mexico produces more arts and crafts than Puerto Rico, both countries use handmade tools and craftsmanship to make items. Mexico and Puerto Rico have many words they spell differently but have the same meaning and vice versa. For instance, the word bicho and pinche are two words both countries use but have different meanings. In Mexico the word Bicho means bug, but in Puerto Rico it refers to a part of the male anatomy.

It Started With a Vision essays

It Started With a Vision essays The creative mind of George Lucas has developed many different movies with different subject matter. Many of these movies, namely Star Wars, have pushed the envelope in the realm of special effects and sound. His demand for better special effects and sound increased the overall technology in the film industry, and continues to do so today with his company Industrial Light and Magic. In all of Lucas films, his main concern is getting his view across to the audience. He wants to portray his vision in the most vivid way possible so the audience can hopefully get a grasp of what message he is trying to get across, or what item he wants to address. Trying to get his idea across became an obsession for Lucas. The scene had to be almost entirely what he envisioned. In fact, Lucas would go to excessive lengths in creating a near perfect scene in comparison to other directors of his day. He further displayed his perfectionism when he wrote out screenplays. For example, he only used No. 2 lead pencils, making his tiny print almost impossible to read (Pollock 143). On the set, Lucas was a mastermind and a compulsive creator of visual imagery. Off the set, he was a creative coordinator. He spent countless hours developing the plot, story line, and dialogues of his movies. He then spent what time he had left pitching those scripts and ideas, and developing new ones. George wrote in a letter to his wife during the filming of Star Wars, I forget how impossible making movies really is, I get so depressed, but I guess Ill get through it somehow...(Pollock 168). If a person lives largely in a duality of something (having a passion for it, and then occasionally hating it), why would they continue with that line of work? Simple, Lucas had a vision he alone wanted to get across. Ideally, George would like to come up with an idea for a film, have somebody go out and shoot it, and then get all ...

Buis essays

Buis essays In my research for investing my new found $100,000 I came to the conclusion that there are many ways to maximize my returns. Whether it be to benefit my life after retirement, to earn a steady income or in hopes of making a seven figure salary. Of all choices available, the ones that I feel are the most reliable in achieving my goals are money market accounts (MMA), real estate, and IPOs. My reason for choosing a money market account is because experts, such as Greg McBride of BANKRATE.Com, say that there are many high yielding MMAs which provide consumers with a competitive, risk-free rate of return, without sacrificing access to their money. As for investing my money to earn an income, I would invest in a piece of real estate. The rental income generated from this investment would very lucrative because it would be tax free. However, if I would be looking to get rich fast, choosing the right IPO could yield the highest returns on my money. In recent years, hundreds of new stock issues more than tripled during the course of a business day. ...

William James. American psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William James. American psychology - Essay Example By profession he was a doctor, but his greatest contributions came in the field of psychology and philosophy. He wrote several books on science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religion and mysticism. Moreover he was also an advocate of pragmatic philosophy and wrote many books on pragmatism. His brothers and sisters were also famous in America as literature writers. Even though the contributions of William James are multifaceted, this paper focuses mainly on his contributions to psychology in general and to the development of theory of functionalism relating to the history of psych systems, in particular. Theory of functionalism, developed by William James, caused major changes in the history of American psychology. Theory of functionalism is derived from Darwin’s evolutionary theory. It focuses mainly on the examination of the function and purpose of mind and behavior. â€Å"Rather than the structures of the mind, functionalism was interested in mental p rocesses and their relation to behavior†(Functionalism). ... In Principles of Psychology he presented illuminating ideas concerning consciousness, attention, memory, habits, and emotions† (William James and Functionalism). William James was more interested in studying how mind functions and he used the method of introspection for that. He argued that different people may behave differently to a particular stimulus because of individual differences. In other words, the mental processes are different for different people and hence the human behavior may also vary with respect to a particular stimulus. For example, two persons may have different perceptions when they see a girl dating with a boy. The first person may take it lightly whereas the second person may take it seriously. This is because of the different perceptions or consciousness of the people. The first person could be more liberal in his approach and attitude whereas the second person could be more traditional or fundamental in his approaches. These differences in perceptions or consciousness forced these two people to respond differently to a particular incident. Here the structure of the mind has nothing to do with the behavior of these people. Functionalist opposes the search for the elements of consciousness as futile. They believed that the mind has the function of helping us to adapt to the environment. They want to understand the function of the mind, the way it helps us to adapt. They want psychology to be practical, not pure science. They believed that the needs and motivations of the organism should be understood if someone wants to understand behavior. Functionalist are more interested in what makes people different from each other than in what makes them similar (Magazine) William James was more